Use a case to make the cards useful

RANZCR Clinical Radiology Examinations assess real-world diagnostic radiology decision-making across modalities and body systems. Case-based image interpretation and structured oral or viva-style questioning call for more than naming a diagnosis: candidates need to describe findings, prioritise differentials, choose further investigation when needed, and address urgency and communication.

This deck uses one common radiology task: assessing a CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) for pulmonary embolism. It moves from image quality to the filling defect, signs of right-heart strain, and what to communicate. These cards are not a substitute for learning the full range of cases in your own revision material. They give you a repeatable way to practise the sequence of a case answer.

Study each card as a retrieval task. Read the question, say a short answer before revealing the back, then compare your response with the wording. Choose Again if you could not retrieve the fact; Hard if you needed substantial prompting; Good if you recalled it correctly with effort; or Easy if it came promptly and accurately. Grade what you could say, not what seems familiar after reading the answer.

A focused CTPA board in MySummaries could organise the source notes into image adequacy, embolus appearance, right-heart assessment, differential pitfalls and next steps. The cards below are cut from that kind of board:

Cards — Pulmonary embolism on CTPA16 due

What must you assess before deciding whether a CTPA excludes pulmonary embolism?

Technical adequacy — check pulmonary arterial opacification, coverage and motion; state limitations if they impair assessment.

All 16 cards
What must you assess before deciding whether a CTPA excludes pulmonary embolism?Technical adequacy — check pulmonary arterial opacification, coverage and motion; state limitations if they impair assessment.
What is the direct CTPA sign of acute pulmonary embolism?Intraluminal filling defect — a low-attenuation defect within an opacified pulmonary artery.
How does an acute embolus typically meet the pulmonary arterial wall?Acute angle — an acute embolus commonly forms an acute angle with the vessel wall.
Name two features that can support chronic rather than acute thromboembolic disease on CTPA.Chronic features — eccentric wall-adherent material forming an obtuse angle, webs or bands, and vessel narrowing can support chronic disease.
What is one important CTPA mimic of a pulmonary arterial filling defect?Respiratory motion — motion artefact can mimic a defect; review the vessel across adjacent images and multiplanar reformats.
What does an increased right ventricle to left ventricle diameter ratio suggest in acute PE?Right-heart strain — an RV/LV diameter ratio greater than 1 can support right ventricular enlargement; interpret it with the clinical picture and other findings.
Name two additional CT signs that can accompany right-heart strain.Supportive signs — interventricular septal flattening and contrast reflux into the inferior vena cava or hepatic veins.
What does a peripheral, pleural-based wedge-shaped opacity suggest in a patient with PE?Pulmonary infarction — a peripheral wedge-shaped opacity may reflect infarction; correlate with the clinical context and other imaging findings.
Does a saddle embolus by itself establish haemodynamic instability?No — saddle describes clot straddling the pulmonary artery bifurcation; assess and report haemodynamic status from the clinical information, not clot position alone.
What should you do if poor contrast opacification makes the segmental arteries difficult to assess?State the limitation — specify which arterial levels are not reliably assessed and recommend correlation or further assessment according to the clinical question and local pathway.
Why should a small apparent defect be checked on contiguous images or reformats?Confirm it is real — continuity and multiplanar review help distinguish an intraluminal defect from partial-volume or motion artefact.
What is the key immediate communication step for a critical positive CTPA result?Escalate promptly — communicate the critical finding to the responsible clinical team using the local critical-results process, and document the communication.
What should a concise positive CTPA impression state first?The main conclusion — state whether acute pulmonary embolism is present, then identify its distribution and any important right-heart strain or complication.
What should you avoid claiming when image quality limits assessment of distal arteries?Avoid false reassurance — do not describe the study as fully negative; name the limitation and the arteries or level that remain indeterminate.
What is the role of echocardiography when CT shows possible right-heart strain?Assess cardiac consequences — echocardiography can assess right ventricular function; it complements rather than replaces the diagnostic role of CTPA for pulmonary embolism.
What should guide further imaging when CTPA is unsuitable or nondiagnostic?The clinical question and patient context — consider an alternative such as ventilation–perfusion imaging where appropriate, following local guidance and the treating team's assessment.

That is a MySummaries deck, filled with RANZCR Exams material. Yours is written from your own notes. Start free

Turn the cards into a case answer

The deck is most useful when each answer becomes part of a spoken reporting sequence. Start with whether the examination is adequate. Then state the presence or absence of emboli and their distribution. Next describe associated findings that affect interpretation, including right-heart strain, infarction or an alternative diagnosis. Finish with limitations and action: what cannot be excluded, whether further assessment is needed, and who must be informed.

Practise keeping the distinction between an imaging sign and its clinical meaning. An RV/LV ratio greater than 1 is a CT indicator that may support right-heart strain; it is not, on its own, a complete risk assessment. A saddle embolus describes location, not the patient's haemodynamic state. These distinctions help avoid overstated conclusions and keep the report clinically useful.

For each card, use a specific grading rule. If you recalled “filling defect” but missed that the artery must be adequately opacified to assess it, that is not a fully correct answer to the adequacy card. If you identified a possible defect but did not consider motion, grade the mimic card Again or Hard. Revisit difficult cards after a delay rather than repeating them immediately until the answer feels familiar.

The deck should also lead back to your source material. If you missed a point because you do not understand it, reopen the relevant notes or teaching file, check the image, and then try to explain the fact without looking. If you missed it because you rushed, practise the same structured sequence on another case. Flashcards can reinforce a finding or decision point; they cannot replace image interpretation practice.

Build a short core checklist

A core checklist is useful before a viva or a timed case set. Keep it short enough to recall, but specific enough to prevent a vague answer. MySummaries can keep a “Must not miss core” beside the board so you can compare a case response with essential points:

Must not miss corePulmonary embolism on CTPA
Check pulmonary arterial opacification, coverage and motion before calling the examination diagnostic; state any level that is limited.
Acute PE is an intraluminal filling defect, typically meeting the vessel wall at an acute angle; chronic clues include webs, eccentric material and vessel narrowing.
Assess RV/LV diameter ratio; a ratio greater than 1 can support right-heart strain, alongside findings such as septal flattening or contrast reflux into the IVC/hepatic veins.
Report the embolus distribution, important associated findings and limitations; promptly communicate critical results and document escalation using the local process.

Use the checklist as a final audit, not a script to recite regardless of the image. A normal study should not be made to sound positive just because the checklist mentions emboli. An indeterminate examination should not be called negative. Tailor each point to the images and available clinical information.

Put repeated misses back into rotation

A missed card tells you what to revisit. Two misses on the same concept usually mean the problem needs more than another quick flip: return to the relevant images or source notes, say the explanation in your own words, and test it again later. MySummaries can place a prompt based on a repeatedly missed mark in a remediation tray:

Remediation tray

You lost this mark twice: what should you report and do when poor opacification prevents reliable assessment of segmental pulmonary arteries?

Add cardDismiss

Answer the tray prompt as a complete mini-response: name the limitation, say what cannot be assessed confidently, avoid false reassurance, and indicate that next steps depend on the clinical question and local pathway. Then retest the original adequacy card. The aim is not to memorise a fixed phrase, but to make the safe and accurate reasoning available when you meet a different case.

How MySummaries helps

Build a revision board from your own PDFs, slides or photographed notes, then generate cards from its sections and schedule them for spaced repetition. For RANZCR exam preparation, organise a board around findings, differentials, further imaging and communication so repeated misses point back to the material you need to review. Start at portal.mysummaries.app.